Sare - Graphite nadiif ah: Baakad dheeraad ah ma jirto. Runtii Way Shaqaysaa!

In la raadiyo {{0}ka dib doorashada warshadaha sare{1}}, xoogga garaafka sare{2}} lama dhayalsan karo. Iyada oo leh iskeed u wanaagsan- sifooyinka saliideed, xoogga sare, korantada wanaagsan ee korantada, iska caabinta aashitada iyo alkali, iska caabinta daxalka, iska caabinta heerkulka sare, fidinta fidinta yar yar, xasilloonida kiimikaad aad u wanaagsan, waxqabadka shaabadeynta sare, iyo lebbiska iyo qaabdhismeedka cufan, waxay si adag isu taagtaa warshadaha sida korontada, biraha, difaaca qaranka iyo hawada hawada, tamarta, iyo injineernimada kiimikada. Waxaa intaa dheer, waxay ku haysaa boos udub dhexaad u ah qaybaha soo baxaya sida jiilka saddexaad- semiconductors, warshadaha nukliyeerka, iyo sawir-qaadista, waxaana loo tixgelin karaa "qayb muhiim ah" horumarinta tignoolajiyada.

Sarreeya garaafka saafiga ah ee sarreeya waxa loo kala saari karaa garaaf heer sare oo dabiici ah{1}Grafite saafi ah iyo garaaf sare oo macmal ah{2}}oo ku salaysan agabka cayriin iyo hababka diyaarinta. Sarreeya garaafka dabiiciga ah ee saafiga ah ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa dhinacyo kala duwan iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay xajinta korantada ee aadka u wanaagsan iyo sifada wareejinta kulaylka, sida agabka refractory,dahaarka lidka-daxadhka, electrodes kaarboonka, dhaliyaasha, saliidaha, iyo agabka ilaalinta warshadaha nukliyeerka. Dhanka kale, garaafka nadiifka ah ee macmalka ah-waxaa lagu dabaqaa hore{8}anodes dubay, garaafka gaarka ah, iyo warshadaha nukliyeerka sababtoo ah qaab-dhismeedka isku midka ah iyo qaybinta cabbirka walxaha.

Soo saarista garaafka sare ee garaafiga dabiiciga ah waxay inta badan ku lug leedahay isticmaalka habka sabbeynta si marka hore loo nadiifiyo graphite ore, ka dibna la isticmaalo alkali{1}}habka aysiidhka ama habka fluoride hydrogen si loo sii nadiifiyo xooga sabbaynta, iyo ugu dambeyntii helitaanka alaabada garaafka saafiga ah iyada oo loo marayo habab sare oo heerkulka{4} Si kastaba ha ahaatee, garaafyada saafiga ah ee sare ee macmalka ah waxaa guud ahaan lagu helaa iyadoo marka hore la farsameeyo alaabta ceeriin ka dibna la geliyo foornada falcelinta heerkulka sare ee si gaar ah loo nashqadeeyay Habka ugu muhiimsan waa in la isticmaalo heerkulka aadka u sarreeya ee foornada si loo sawiro kookarka batroolka iyo kookaha asphalt, oo la soo bandhigo gaasaska halogen si ay uga falceliyaan wasakhda, taasoo keenaysa inay uumi oo ay rogmanto, si ay u helaan garaafka saafiga ah oo sarreeya.

Haddi ay tahay soo saarida garaafyada dabiiciga ah ee saraysa ama garaafiga dabiiciga ah ee sare{1}, shuruudo adag ayaa lagu soo rogay tayada alaabta ceeriin. Si loo gaaro shuruudaha sare{3}garaafka saafiga ah ee garaafka dabiiciga ah, kaliya heerka sare{4}}qaabka heerkulka ayaa buuxin kara baahiyaha wax soo saarka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habka heerkulka sare-wuxuu leeyahay isticmaalka tamar sare iyo shuruudo sare oo loogu talagalay qalabka,sido kale waxay leedahay shuruudo gaar ah oo tayada alaabta ceeriin ah. Caadi ahaan, waxay isticmaashaa alaabooyinka garaafyada ee nadiifka ah ee 99% ee lagu helay hababka kale ee sifaynta, ugu dambayntii waxay gaartaa shuruudaha 99.99% garaafka sare{10}. Garaafyada nadiifka ah ee macmalka ah,- tayada sare ee petroleum coke iyo coke asphalt ayaa inta badan loo doortaa wax soo saarka. Waxa ku jira dambaska kookaha batroolka waa in uu ka yaraado 0.5%, oo badiyaa kaliya - batroolka kookaha sulfur ayaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka. Sidaa darteed, maadada baaruudda ee kookaha batroolka ayaa ka hooseeya 0.5%.

Warshadaha adeegsada garaafka sare - garaafyada saafiga ah sida alaabta ceeriin inta badan waxay diirada saaraan{1} meelaha teknoolojiyadda sare sida walxaha semiconductor, photovoltaics, graphene, iyo garaafiga nukliyeerka.

Sadexaad- agabka jiilka semiconductor

  Warshadaha semiconductor, alaabta garaafyada waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa{0}qalabka daawaynta kulaylka heerkulka sare sida foornooyinka koritaanka crystal, foornooyinka carbonization, iyo foornooyinka garaafaynta. Alaabooyinka garaafka sare ee - saafiga ah ee loo isticmaalo saddaxaad-jiilka semiconductor silicon carbide waxaa ka mid ah graphite crucibles ee koritaanka crystal, kuleyliyaha garaafka, iyo budada garaafka, iwm. Nadaafadda alaabtan ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaarta tayada kiristaalo silikoon carbide.

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, ganacsiyada intooda badani waxay isticmaalaan habka gaadiidka uumiga jireed marka ay soo saarayaan kiristaalo-carbide siliconka ah. Habkan, budada carbide silikoon ayaa la dhigayaa xagga hoose ee graphite crucible, iyo abuurka abuurka silicon carbide waxaa la dhigayaa meesha ugu sareysa ee graphite crucible. Kadibna, graphite crucible waa la kululeeyaa ilaa silikoon carbide uu gaaro heerkulkiisa sareeyo. Ka dib, budada carbide silikoon si tartiib tartiib ah ayey u jajabisaa walxaha gaaska sida Si uumiga, Si2C, iyo SiC2. Maaddooyinkani waxay si tartiib tartiib ah ugu hoos qulquli doonaan dusha sare ee qulqulka ee hoos yimaada heerkulka axial waxayna isku ururin doonaan dusha sare ee abuurka SiC ee ku yaal xagga sare ee lakabka, si ay u helaan kiristaalo silikoon carbide ah.

Garaafka nukliyeerka

   Nukliyeerka{0} darajada sare{1} garaafka saafiga ah waa shay si weyn loo isticmaalo injineernimada tamarta nukliyeerka. Nukliyeerka{3}Qalabka garaafiga darajada waxa lagu dabaqay xudunta u ah

Gaaska heerkulka sare{0}}{1} qaboojiyayaal qaboojiyey, sida tuubooyinka, walxaha shidaalka, iyo qaybaha taageerada

Garaafyada nukliyeerka- waa in uu ahaadaa mid sare{1}}garaafka saafiga ah. Sarreeya garaafka saafiga ah ee sare- badiyaa waxa uu ka kooban yahay isku-darka, xidhayaasha iyo wakiilada uurka leh. Isku geynta inta badan waxay ka kooban tahay irbad -qaabaysan coke batroolka iyo kookaha asphalt. Nukliyeerka-darajada sare{{8}Graafiga nadiifka ah wuxuu leeyahay shuruudo adag oo lagu xakameynayo walxaha raadraaca. Xaalad aan hawo lahayn, waxa ay maraysaa{10}} muddo dheer{11}kululaynta sifaynta, ka saarida wasakhda iyo yaraynta waxa ku jira walxaha raadraaca sida halogens iyo -dhalaalid{13}} biraha dhibicda. Qaabaynta carbonization ee nukliyeerka{15}}darajada sare{16}garaafka saafiga ah waxa uu qaataa habka cadaadinta isostatic. Maaddada waxaa lagu dhejiyaa caaryada laastikada ah, si adag ayaa loo xiray, ka dibna hawada ayaa laga saarayaa si loo ilaaliyo jawi faaruq ah. Caaryada waxaa lagu dhejiyaa dhululubada isostatic hydraulic, dareeraha isotropic wuxuu ku sameeyaa cadaadis isku mid ah caaryada, u gudbinta cadaadiska walxaha kaarboonka, taasoo keenaysa alaabta ceeriin inay noqoto mid cufan.

Goobta sawir-qaadista

Warshadaha sawir-qaadista, gaar ahaan sida walxaha korantada ee unugyada qorraxda, graphite waxay leedahay codsiyo ballaaran. Dhaqdhaqaaqeeda aadka u wanaagsan iyo xasiloonida kiimikada ayaa ka dhigaysa shay ku habboon soo saarista electrodes unugyada qorraxda. Waxaa intaa dheer, jiida -nooca foornada koritaanka kristal ee silikoon ayaa ah qalabka ugu muhiimsan ee lagu diyaariyo walxaha crystal-ka silikoon. Nidaamka kuleyliyaha foornada kaliya ee crystal inta badan waxaa ka mid ah kuleyliyeyaasha garaafka sare{4} saafiga ah, quartz crucibles, graphite crucibles, iyo walxaha dahaarka, iwm. Adigoo isticmaalaya koronto toos ah kuleyliyaha garaafka, il kulaylka ayaa la bixiyaa si ay u dhalaaliso alaabta ceeriin ee polycrystalline silicon. Awoodda kuleyliyaha waxaa lagu hagaajin karaa iyada oo loo marayo danabka ama hadda tamarta korontada. Kuleylka uu sii daayo kuleyliyaha ayaa lagu daboolay nidaamka xakamaynta, kaas oo samayn kara jawi kuleyl ah oo ku habboon koritaanka silikoon hal kiristaalo ah.

Graphene

Graphene hadda waa nanomaterial-ka ugu khafiifsan adduunka, oo leh xasilloonida kiimikaad sare iyo xasilloonida kulaylka, iyo sidoo kale qalab farsamo iyo koronto oo aad u wanaagsan. Waxay leedahay rajooyin codsi oo ballaadhan. Walaxda ugu muhiimsan ee lagu diyaariyo graphene waa mid sare - garaafka saafiga ah.

Kuwo kale

    Goobta hawada sare ee aadka u dhibka badan, garaafka saafiga ah ee sareeya{{0} ayaa wali u shaqeeya si aan caadi ahayn. Waxa loo istcimaalaa xadhkaha hunguriga dhuunta ee dabada injiinka gantaalaha, dhexdhexaadiyaha neutron ee reactors atomiga, kulaylka iyo kulaylka {{2} walxaha u adkaysta gantaalada, iyo xataa xidhiidhka raadiyaha iyo qalabka qaab dhismeedka satalaytka macmal ah dhamaantood waxay muujinayaan joogitaanka garaafka sare{3}} daahirnimo.