Hordhac
Graphite waa kheyraad aan - macdano ahayn oo muhiim ah oo leh laba macdan gaar ah iyo kuwa aan -ka ahayn. Waxa loo yaqaan "khayraadka istiraatijiyadeed ee taageeraya horumarinta tignoolajiyada sare ee qarniga 21aad" waxaana muddo dheer loo aqoonsaday "dahab madow". Sarreeya garaafka saafiga ah - waxa loola jeedaa garaafka ka kooban kaarboon ka badan 99.99%. Waxa uu leeyahay sifooyin heer sare ah-Sifeyn, xoog sare, korantada wanaagsan ee aashitada/alkali/daxalka/kuleelka iska caabinta, fidinta hoosaysa, xasiloonida kiimikaad heer sare ah, wax qabad sare oo xidhidh, iyo labis iyo qaab dhismeed. Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa injineernimada korontada, biraha, difaaca qaranka, hawada hawada, tamarta, warshadaha kiimikada iyo qaybaha kale. Gaar ahaan, waxa ay ka ciyaartaa door muhiim ah oo muhiim ah warshadaha soo koraya sida diyaarinta{12}jiilka saddexaad agabka semiconductor, warshadaha nukliyeerka, iyo warshadaynta sawir-qaadista, taas oo si fog{13}} saamaynaysa dhaqaalaha Shiinaha.
1. Guryaha Graphite Ore
Graphite waa macdan ka kooban curiye kaarboon, midab madow oo dhalaalaya oo leh dhalaal macdan ah iyo anisotropy. Cufnaantiisu waa 2.09-2.23 g/cm³, barta dhalaalka 3850 darajo, barta karkarinta 4250 darajo, awoodda nuugista kulaylka 6.9036 × 10⁷ J/kg, oo muujinaysa xasillooni heerkuleed oo heersare ah.
2. Sare{1} graphite daahirsan
2.1 Sare ee Dabiiciga ah -Grafit Nadiif ah
Iyada oo ku xidhan alaabta ceeriin iyo hababka diyaarinta, sare {{0}garaafka saafiga ah waxa loo qaybin karaa garaaf dabiici ah oo sare{1}
Garaafyada saafiga ah ee dabiiciga ah ayaa si balaadhan loogu isticmaalaa dhinacyo kala duwan sababtuna waa koronto iyo kuleylkeeda ugu wanaagsan, sida agabka refractory, dahaarka lidka ku ah miridhka, electrodes kaarboonka, dhaliyaasha, saliidaha, iyo agabka ilaalinta warshadaha nukliyeerka. Sarreeye sare{3} garaafka saafiga ah, oo leh qaab-dhismeedka isku midka ah iyo qaybinta cabbirka walxaha, ayaa lagu dabaqaa anodes horay loo dubay, garaafka gaarka ah, warshadaha nukliyeerka iyo qaybaha kale. Hababka u diyaargarowga garaafyada saafiga ah ee sare- waxay ku kala duwan yihiin agab cayriin oo kala duwan.
Ma jiro graphite saafi ah oo dabiiciga ah. Macdanta graphite waxay inta badan ka kooban tahay wasakh sida SiO₂, Al₂O₃, FeO, CaO, P₂O₅, CuO, kuwaas oo inta badan u jira sida macdanta sida quartz, pyrite, carbonate, iyo sidoo kale qaybaha gaaska oo ay ku jiraan biyaha, asphalt, CO₂, H₂, CH₄, iyo N₂. Sidaa darteed, falanqaynta graphite waxay u baahan tahay go'aaminta ma aha oo kaliya maadada kaarboonka ee go'an laakiin sidoo kale maaddada kacsan iyo nuxurka dambaska. Nidaamyada nadiifinta garaafka waxay ujeedadoodu tahay in si wax ku ool ah meesha looga saaro wasakhdaas. Markasta oo ay sareeyso nadiifnimada garaafka (ie, inta ka kooban kaarboonka) ay sareeyso, waa sii kordhaa qiimihiisa iyo baaxadda codsigeeda.
Diyaarinta garaafka sare ee garaafyada dabiiciga ah sida caadiga ah waxay ku lug leedahay nadiifinta aasaasiga ah ee graphite ore sabbeynta, sifaynta dheeraadka ah ee xooga sabbaynta by alkali{1}habka aysiidhka ama habka aashitada hydrofluoric, iyo ugu dambayntii helitaanka alaabta garaafka saafiga ah sare -habka heerkulka} chlorination{4}
2.2 Sarreeye Sare -Grafiit Nadiif ah
Garaafyada synthetic guud ahaan waxa loola jeedaa agabka garaafiga ee la soo saaray iyadoo la isticmaalayo{0}coke batroolka tayada sare leh iyo kookaha dhogorta sida wadar ahaan, ku darista daamurka dhuxusha sidii xidheyaal iyo qalabyo kale, oo ay ku xigto taxane ah - daawaynta garaafaynta heerkulka. Guud ahaan, alaabta ceeriin si horudhac ah ayaa loo daaweeyaa ka dibna waxaa la geliyaa heerkul sare oo gaar ah- garaafaynta iyo nadiifinta Noocyada foornada ee ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah foornooyinka garaafyada Acheson, foornooyinka garaafyada taxanaha gudaha, iyo garaafaynta joogtada ah foornooyinka koronto. Heerkulka sare ee foornada-kulka sare ee foornada waxa uu garaafay kookaha batroolka iyo kookaha,iyo gaaska halogen ayaa la soo bandhigaa si uu uga falceliyo wasakhda,kaas oo markaas la gaas la shido oo la beddelo si loo helo garaafka saafiga ah-
Inkasta oo qayb ka mid ah wasakhda ku jirta coke batroolka iyo coke-ga la saarayo laga saari karo inta lagu jiro {{0}kulaylka kulaylka ee soo saarista garaafka sare ee synthetic{1}, waxa jira shuruudo cad oo loogu talagalay sulfurka iyo waxa ku jira dambaska ee alaabta ceeriin ee kookaha batroolka. Isticmaalka sii kordhaya ee saliida ceyriinka ah ee -sulfur, sare{4}}coke batroolka sulfur ayaa sidoo kale koraya. Si loo buuxiyo shuruudaha hoose -Shuruudda kookaha batroolka ee loogu talagalay soo saarista garaafka saafiga ah ee sare -, aqoonyahanno badan ayaa sameeyay - cilmi baaris qoto dheer oo macquul ah oo hufan oo ku saabsan hababka desulfurization petroleum coke.
Nadiifinta garaafka ayaa go'aamisa waxqabadka adeegga iyo sifooyinka dhammaystiran ee garaafyada qoto dheer{0}}alaabta habaynta. Sare u kaca daahirsanaanta, sare u kaca qiimaha codsiga. Tusaale ahaan:
Graphite as anode sheyga loogu talagalay baytariyada lithium-ka{0}ion waxay u baahan tahay nadiif ka sareysa 99.98%;
Garaafka dabiiciga ah ee dheeman macmalka ah ee synthetic wuxuu u baahan yahay nadiif ka sarreeya 99.999%, oo leh boron ka hooseeya 0.01×10⁻;
Garaafyada gaarka ah ee hawada sare, difaaca qaranka, iyo warshadaha nukliyeerka waxay u baahan yihiin nadiif ah 99% ~ 99.99% ama xitaa ka sareeya;
Budada graphite ee isku dhafka saddexaad{0}} jiilka semiconductor SiC wafers waxay u baahan tahay nadiif ah ilaa 99.9995% ama ka badan.
Nadiifinta garaafka waa aasaaska diyaarinta dhammaan agabyada garaafka iyo arrin caadi ah oo ku saabsan horumarinta agabka garaafyada. Nidaamyada nadiifinta garaafka ee leh isticmaalka tamarta hooseeya, awoodda sare, iyo wasakhowga hooseeya ayaa ah diiradda R&D hadda.
3. Tiknoolajiyada Nadiifinta Garaafka
3.1 Habka Sabaynta
Ka faa'iidaysiga sabaynta wanaagsan ee garaafyada dabiiciga ah, hababka sabbaynta ee leh socodka badan{0}waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu kala saaro garaafyada flake ama garaafyada microcrystalline ee macdanta la xidhiidha sida kaolin, quartz, iyo mica ee garaafyada dabiiciga ah. Farsamadani waxa ay si weyn u kobcin kartaa garaafyada dabiiciga ah oo leh darajo ka hooseeya 20% garaafiyada xooga saara iyada oo nadiif ah 95%, taas oo inta badan loo isticmaalo sida alaabta ceeriin ee soo saarista garaafyada saafiga ah ee sare{{4}
3.2 Alkali -Qaabka aysiidhka
Habka sifaynta waxaa ka mid ah fiyuuska alkali iyo acidolysis. Fiyuuska alkali, wasakhda ku jirta garaafka sida Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, MgO, CaO waxay kula falgalaan NaOH heerkul sare si ay u sameeyaan biyo{1}} hydroxides aan la milmi karin; wasakhda qaar (tusaale, SiO₂) waxa ay soo saaraan biyo{4}}alaabada milmi kara, kuwaas oo ay ka saarayaan biyo daadinta iyo maydhista Acidolysis-ka, graphite iyo hydroxides ka dib isku-darka alkali waxaa lagu qasaa hydrochloric acid oo ah fiirsi gaar ah oo loogu talagalay leaching kulul, iyaga oo u beddelaya koloriin milmay oo markaas lagu dhaqo biyo. Garaafka saafiga ah ee sare- oo leh daahir ka sareeya 99% waxa la heli karaa ka dib acidolysis.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, habka alkali{0}}asiidhka si balaadhan ayaa looga isticmaalaa warshadaha, oo leh faa'iidooyin ay ka mid yihiin mid yar{1}}wakhti maalgashi, darajo sare, iyo laqabsiga habka adag. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa kale oo ay leedahay dib-u-dhacyo ay ka mid yihiin - baahida xisaabinta heerkulka sare, isticmaalka tamarta sare, wakhtiga falcelinta dheer, daxalka qalabka, luminta garaafka weyn, iyo wasakhowga daran ee biyaha wasakhda ah.
3.3 Habka dubaynta koloriinta
Qiyaastii 1000 darajo, gaaska chlorine waxaa lagu soo bandhigay garaafka. Isticmaalka hantida oksaydhaynta xooggan ee chlorine, wasakhda birta oksaydhka ee garaafka ayaa oksaydh lagu daraa chlorides leh heerkul gaas hooseeya. Heerkulkan hoostiisa, chlorides-ka birta ah ayaa si degdeg ah loo gaas loo saari karaa oo laga sii dayn karaa tiro badan, iyadoo la ogaanayo nadiifinta garaafka.
Dubidda koloriinta waxaa guud ahaan loo istcimaalaa hab-socod dheeri ah oo lagu sifeeyo garaafyada, oo la mid ah hababka kale, waxayna leedahay faa'iidooyin muuqda gaar ahaan ka saarida wasakhda birta ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sunta, daxalka iyo wasakhowga deegaanka ee koloriinta ayaa xaddidaya caannimada habkan ilaa xad. Intaa waxa dheer, way adagtahay in la soo saaro garaafka saafiga ah ee ultra{2}}sare-, iyo nidaamka aan deganayn waxa kale oo uu saameeyaa adeegsigiisa dhabta ah.
3.4 Habka Hydrofluoric Acid
Wasakhyada ku jira macdanta ceeriin waxay la falgalaan aashitada hydrofluoric si ay u dhaliyaan biyo-Fluraydhyada milmi kara iyo fluorosilicates, kuwaas oo laga saaro biyo maydhista si loo helo garaafka sare{1}.
Faa'iidooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee habka hydrofluoric acid waa waxtarka ka saarista wasakhda sare, heerka badeecada sare, saameyn yar oo ku saabsan waxqabadka garaafyada, iyo isticmaalka tamarta hooseeya. Khasaaraha ayaa ah in hydrofluoric acid ay tahay mid aad u sun ah oo daxalaysa, waxay u baahan tahay tallaabooyin ilaalin adag oo ilaalin ah oo wax soo saar ah, iyo maalgashiga ilaalinta deegaanka ee sarreeya waxay si weyn u yaraynaysaa tartankeeda dhaqaale.
3.5 Sare{1}Habka Sifaynta Heerkulka
Iyada oo ku saleysan mabda'a in garaafku leeyahay bar karkarinta sare halka wasakhda kale ay leeyihiin dhibco karkaraya hooseeya, graphite dabiiciga ah oo leh kaarboon ku dhawaad 80% ayaa la dhigayaa foornada sifaynta 1500 digrii si ay u naasiso oo ay uga saarto wasakhda hooseeysa{2}. Kadibna waxay gashaa foornada 25002800 digrii si aad uga saarto wasakh badan, iyo ugu dambeyntii foornada 28003200 digrii oo leh gaasas HF iyo HCl ku habboon. Gaasasaskani waxay kula falgalaan wasakhda birta sare leh ee - karkarinaysa heerkulka sare si ay u sameeyaan hoose -Fluorideyada karkaraya iyo chlorides, kuwaas oo la sii daayo Sidan, garaafyada dabiiciga ah waxaa lagu nadiifiyaa 99.99% ~ 99.9998% ka kooban kaarboon.
Qodobbada ugu muhiimsan ee saameeya nadiifnimada garaafyada waxaa ka mid ah tayada alaabta ceeriin, nadiifinta graphite crucible, habka kuleylka garaafyada, iyo cabbirka walxaha garaafka. Nidaamkani wuxuu leeyahay shuruudo sare oo loogu talagalay nadiifinta alaabta ceeriin, teknooloojiyada alaabta iyo qalabka, oo leh isticmaalka tamarta sare iyo maalgelin weyn. Sidaa darteed, codsigeeda hadda waa xaddidan yahay, inta badan meelaha gaarka ah sida hawada hawada, difaaca qaranka iyo warshadaha nukliyeerka oo leh shuruudaha tayada graphite ee aadka u sarreeya.
3.6 Habka Sifaynta Gaaska Halogen
Codsiyada warshadaha ee dhamaadka ah{{0} (tusaale, warshadaha semiconductor) waxay u baahan yihiin nadiifin garaafka ka sareeya 99.999%, taas oo aan lagu gaadhi karin sifeynta heerkul sare oo keliya. Warshadaha guud ahaan waxay qaataan habka sifaynta gaaska halogen (sidoo kale loo yaqaan nadiifinta jirka). Kordhinta heerkulka foornada iyo heerka faakuumka, wasakhda qaar ee alaabta garaafyada ayaa si toos ah u kacsan. Wasakhyada kale ee u baahan heerkul sare, gaasas halogen ah (badanaa chlorine iyo hydrocarbons halogenated) waxay u beddelaan halides leh dhalaal yar iyo dhibco karkaraya. Marka la eego ficilka isku dhafan, wasakhda ayaa la saaraa si loo gaaro nadiifinta garaafka.
4. Codsiyada Sarreeya -Purity Graphite
4.1 Alaabta Saliida
Sida mid ka mid ah saliidaha adag ee caadiga ah, qaab dhismeedka lakabka graphite wuxuu siinayaa iskiis {{0} guryaha saliidaynta Marka la eego cadaadiska cadaadiska iyo xiirid inta lagu jiro is-jiidhka qallalan ee biraha, lakabyada garaafka ayaa simbiriirixan, samaynta filim wareejin garaafeed khafiif ah oo ku yaal dusha sare ee birta si yar. Haddaba, iskudarka is jiid jiidka qallalan ee u dhexeeya graphite iyo birta wuu ka hooseeyaa ta biraha dhexdooda, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid iska caadi ah{3} walxo saliidayn leh.
Biraha ku jira birta -Lammaanaha is jiid-jiidka garaafiga ah sida caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah 45# birta, 40Cr birta, birta aan lahayn, birta shubka, daawaha naxaasta, iwm Yaraynta is-jiidhka iyo xidhashada u dhexeeya lammaanaha is-khilaafka farsamada waa habka ugu muhiimsan ee lagu hagaajinayo waxtarka iyo nolosha adeegga qaybaha farsamada. Barashada saamaynta rarka, heerkulka, xawaaraha simbiriirrada, qaab-dhismeedka dusha sare iyo qaab-dhismeedku waxay gacan ka geysataa kordhinta nolosha adeegga garaafyada-lammaanaha isku dhaca birta.
4.2 Qalabka lagu xidho
Garaafka la balaariyay waxa loo habayn karaa garaafka dabacsan ka dib daawaynta-, oo leh awood balaadhinta kulaylka hoose (1×10⁻⁶~30×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹). Ma noqoto mid jajaban ama dildilaacaysa heerkulka hooseeya, mana jilciyo mana gurguurto heerkul sare.
Marka la barbar dhigo alaabta dhaqanka ah (asbestos, caag, cellulose iyo isku-darkooda), graphite dabacsan ayaa leh adeeg heerkul ballaaran ah (200 ~ 450 digrii hawada). Sidaa darteed, garaafyada la balaariyay ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa sida shaabadeynta mashiinnada, biraha, baabuurta, dhismaha maraakiibta, kiimikooyinka petrochemical iyo meelaha kale.
4.3 Ololka -Alaabaha dib u dhaca
Garaafka fidsan waxaa lagu dari karaa polymers, resins, iwm si loo soo saaro walxo dab-damis ah. Haddii uu dab kaco, garaafka la fidin karo si degdeg ah ayuu u fidaa si uu u sameeyo lakabka kuleylka kuleylka ah ee la ballaariyay oo ku yaal dusha maaddada, oo bixisa kulayl aad u fiican oo xannibaya sii deynta gaaska sunta ah.
4.4 Qalabka Isku-dhafka Korantada
Garaafyada la fidin karo waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu diyaariyo qalabka kala duwan ee batariyada batteriga sababtoo ah dusha sare ee firfircoon, xasiloonida kiimikada sare, kulaylka wanaagsan iyo korantada korantada, iyo diyaarinta fudud. Qaab dhismeedkeeda xasiloon ayaa si wax ku ool ah u xaddidaya balaadhinta mugga walxaha korantada (tusaale, baytariyada Li/S ama Li/Si) inta lagu jiro baaskiilka, hagaajinta nolosha meertada.
Waxaa intaa dheer, kala dheereynta weyn ee isdhexgalka ee garaafka la ballaarin karo waxay siineysaa boos dheeri ah oo loogu talagalay isdhexgalka Li⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ ee birta ah - baytariyada sare ee ion (lithium{1}}Ion, sodium{2}}, magnesium-ion, zinc{4}} adptions awoodda kaydinta tamarta). Garaafyada la fidin karo waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa sidii walaxda korantada ee awooda sare.
Intaa waxaa dheer, isku-dhafka garaafyada la balaariyay ee leh matrix polymer-ka ah ayaa miisaankoodu yar yahay, - qiime jaban oo fudud in la qaabeeyo. Qalabka korantada waxaa si ballaaran loo hagaajin karaa iyadoo la bedelayo qiyaasta garaafka la ballaariyay.
4.5 Dhaqan iyo Sare -Waxsoosaarka Dhammaadka
Electrodes-ka biraha ah iyo warshadaha qadiimiga ah waa qaybaha isticmaalka dhaqameed ee graphite, inta badan loo isticmaalo dhalaalinta electrodes iyo daahan lagu shubo caaryada birta, naxaasta, aluminiumka iyo biraha kale ee aan {{0}ka biraha ahayn. Baahida graphite ee samaynta qalin qoridu waa mid xasiloon.
Agabka garaafka waxa ka muuqda qaab dhismeed fudud, dayactir{0} bilaash ah, xidhid caabin ah, culays sare{1}}awood qaadis iyo iska caabin xoog leh, waxaana si balaadhan loogu isticmaalaa{2} qaybaha qalabka cabirka tamarta nukliyeerka, tamarta biyaha, hawada iyo goobaha ciidamada.
4.6 Qalabka Quwada Nukliyeerka
Graphite ee tamarta nukliyeerka waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa xudunta gaasta heerkulka sare{1}} reactors qaboojiyey, sida marinnada, walxaha shidaalka iyo qaybaha taageerada. Xajmiga iyo hagaha matoorada sare ee nukliyeerka ee Russia inta badan waxay isticmaalaan garaafka silikoonized. Graphite waxa uu leeyahay wax qabad nukliyeer ah oo aad u wanaagsan waxaana inta badan loo adeegsadaa dhexdhexaadiyaha iyo dib-u-celinta reactors.
4.7 Qalabka Semiconductor
Warshadaha semiconductor, alaabta graphite waxa si balaadhan loogu isticmaalaa -qalabka daaweynta kulaylka heerkulka sare sida foornooyinka koritaanka crystal, foornooyinka carbonization iyo foornooyinka garaafaynta.
Alaabooyinka garaafka saafiga ah ee sare- ee saddexaad-jiilka semiconductor silicon carbide (SiC) waxa ka mid ah graphite crucibles, kuleyliyaha iyo budada koritaanka crystal, kuwaas oo daahirnimadooda ay go'aamiso tayada kiristaalo SiC. Nadiifinta garaafka saafiga ah ee intaa le'eg waxay caadiyan qabataa- habab kiimiko ah, oo u baahan nadiifin Ka wayn ama la mid ah 99.9995%, oo leh xad adag oo wasakhda shakhsiga ah (tusaale, B Wax ka yar ama la mid ah 0.05×10⁻⁶, Al In ka yar ama la mid ah 0.0⁻×1).
4.8 Walxaha Dheemman ee Synthetic
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, hal -Daymanka crystal waxaa inta badan lagu farsameeyaa Sare -Cadaadiska Sare{2}} Habka Heerkulka (HPHT) iyo Habka Kaydinta Uumiga Kiimikada (CVD). CVD waxay isticmaashaa haydarojin- gaas ka kooban (methane, hydrogen, iwm.), taasoo u horseeda wasakh Haydarojiin iyo walbahaar ku jira kiristaalo dheeman. Dheeman HPHT oo leh alwaaxyo dhaqameed sida kicinta ayaa ka kooban wasakh bir ah qaarkood, taasoo ka dhigaysa isku-dhafka dheemanta "ultra{7}} saafi ah" mid aad u adag oo adag.
Recent breakthroughs in static ultra-high pressure technology have enabled direct synthesis of diamond from graphite under extreme P-T conditions (>15 GPA, 2000 darajo). Xaaladahan oo kale, graphite waxa uu isu beddelaa dheeman si degdeg ah, isaga oo soo saaraya sentimitir{3}} isku darka polycrystalline oo leh daahir sare.
Gabagabo
Noocyada ugu waaweyn ee garaafyada laga isticmaalo Shiinaha waxa ka mid ah garaafka sare{0}} saafiga ah, garaafka riixaya ee istatic, garaafka la fidin karo, garaafka fluorinated, graphite colloidal graphite. Hagaajinta nadiifnimada garaafyada waa shuruudo guud oo ka mid ah dhammaan alaabooyinka garaafka{2}} aasaasiga ah ee haddana adag.
Sida baahida sare ee garaafka saafiga ah ee {{0}garaafka sare{1}} goobaha teknoolojigu ay sii socoto in ay koraan, shuruudaha nadaafaduna ay noqdaan kuwa sii adkaanaya, tignoolajiyada la xidhiidha waxa ay marayaan marxalad adag oo sugaya horumaro.
